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The permission string contains 10 positions (characters).
Example:
Loading...Let's count:
Loading...Position 1 = File Type
The first position tells us the file type.
Examples:
Symbol | Meaning |
- | Regular File |
d | Directory |
l | Link |
Example:
Loading...Here :
Loading...means it is a regular file.
Remaining 9 Positions = Permissions
After the first character, the remaining 9 positions represent permissions.
Example:
Loading...These 9 positions are divided into 3 groups:
Loading...Each group contains 3 positions.
Three Permission Groups
Loading...User (Owner)
The owner of the file.
Loading...Group
Users belonging to the same group.
Loading...Others
Everyone else.
Loading...Structure of Each Group
Every permission group always follows the same order:
Loading...Position | Meaning |
1st | Read |
2nd | Write |
3rd | Execute |
This order never changes.
Permission Symbols
Symbol | Meaning |
r | Read |
w | Write |
x | Execute |
- | Permission Not Granted |
Example 1
Loading...Meaning:
Loading...Example 2
Loading...Meaning:
Loading...Example 3
Loading...Meaning:
Loading...Complete Breakdown Example
Loading...Break it as:
Loading...Three Permission Types
Every file and directory has three basic permissions:
Permission | Symbol | Number | Meaning |
Read | r | 4 | View content |
Write | w | 2 | Modify content |
Execute | x | 1 | Run file/program |
Let's understand each one.
Read Permission (r)
Allows viewing file contents.
Example:
Loading...If you have read permission, you can open and read the file.
Permission:
Loading...The owner can read the file.
Write Permission (w)
Allows modifying a file.
Examples:
Loading...Loading...Without write permission:
Loading...Execute Permission (x)
Allows running a file as a program.
Example script:
Loading...File:
Loading...Run:
Loading...If execute permission is missing:
Loading...Add execute permission:
Loading...Now:
Loading...works.