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1. scp — Secure Copy
Copy local → remote:
Loading...Copy remote → local:
Loading...Copy directory:
Loading...Specify SSH port:
Loading...- Uses SSH.
- Encrypted and secure.
- Good for simple file transfers.
2. ftp — File Transfer Protocol
Connect to FTP server:
Loading...Common commands:
Loading...FTP is not encrypted. For secure transfers, preferscporsftp.
3. sftp — Secure FTP
Loading...Common commands:
Loading...Important:
sftp is often preferred over FTP because it works over SSH.File Permissions
1. View Permissions
Loading...Example:
Loading...Permission groups:
Loading...2. Permission Types
Permission | Symbol | Value |
Read | r | 4 |
Write | w | 2 |
Execute | x | 1 |
No permission | - | 0 |
For directories:
r→ List contents
w→ Create/delete/rename files
x→ Enter/traverse directory
3. chmod — Change Permissions
Symbolic:
Loading...u→ User/owner
g→ Group
o→ Others
a→ All
Numeric:
Loading...Example:
Loading...4. chown — Change Owner
Loading...Change owner and group:
Loading...Recursive:
Loading...5. chgrp — Change Group
Loading...Recursive:
Loading...6. Check File Ownership
Loading...Detailed information:
Loading...7. Default Permissions — umask
View:
Loading...Set temporarily:
Loading...- Controls default permissions for newly created files/directories.
8. Special Permissions
SUID:
Loading...SGID:
Loading...Sticky bit:
Loading...Common numeric forms:
Loading...⭐ Important Commands
Command | Purpose |
ftp | Unencrypted FTP transfer |
scp | Secure file copy over SSH |
sftp | Secure interactive file transfer |
ls -l | View permissions/ownership |
chmod | Change permissions |
chown | Change owner |
chgrp | Change group |
stat | Detailed file information |
umask | Set default permissions |
sudo | Run command with elevated privileges |
Remember:
scp = Secure Copysftp = Secure File Transferchmod = Change permissionschown = Change ownerchgrp = Change group